According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about a third of the world’s population is affected by insufficient iodine intake. In Europe, as much as half of the population is affected. [16] WHO (World Health Organization) (2004): Iodine status worldwide: WHO global database on iodine deficiency. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43010/1/9241592001.pdf p.12… Continue reading It has never been easier to cook delicious vegetable dishes Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Scientific report of the 2015 dietary guidelines advisory committee, Vol 7. Washington, DC: US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services; 2015. p. 202–4. UCFS Health: Hemoglobin and Functions of Iron. Verfügbar unter https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/hemoglobin_and_functions_of_iron/ [11.06.2018] WHO (2001): Iron Deficiency Anaemia, S. 15. Verfügbar unter: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/en/ida_assessment_prevention_control.pdf [11.06.2018]

The strengths of the study are that the data were collected prospectively in a well-designed, established cohort study. Much effort has gone into validating the dietary and physical activity questionnaires [ 20– 23]. The prospective design minimized recall bias. Study results were strengthened due to measurement of several well known confounders. After accounting for potential confounding, the associations remained strong.Daniel, P., Harvard University (2017): How much protein do you need every day? Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/how-much-protein-do-you-need-every-day-2015 [11.06.2018] Vegetables and fruits such as tomatoes, cabbage, beetroot, pumpkin, ga rlic, olives, brocc oli, apples, nectarines, berries, bananas, melons, and oranges. These kinds of food are an important source of vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, and fibre. [3] Harvard T. H. Chan (2018): Vegetables and Fruits. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/vegetables-and-fruits/ [11.06.2018] Vegans avoid consuming animal flesh, animal byproducts, and foods containing ingredients of animal origin. This includes: Dr. Schneeweiss (ORCID# 0000-0003-2575-467X) is participating in investigator-initiated grants to the Brigham and Women's Hospital from Boehringer Ingelheim unrelated to the topic of this study. He is a consultant to Aetion Inc. of which he owns equity. His interests were declared, reviewed, and approved by the Brigham and Women's Hospital in accordance with their institutional compliance policies. Funding Statement Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care [Internet]. American Diabetes Association; 2009 May [cited 2017 Sep 11];32(5):791–6. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19351712 [11.06.2018]

Bourne RR, Stevens GA, White RA, et al. Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1(6):e339–e349. Gong Q, Janowski M, Luo M, et al. Efficacy and adverse effects of atropine in childhood myopia: a meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(6):624–630. Melina V, Craig W, Levin S. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: vegetarian diets. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116:1970–80. Financial support for this project was provided by the Kaiser Permanente Southern California Regional Research Committee. Refractive error measurements were collected from KPSC electronic health records and used to calculate each refraction’s spherical equivalent. Patients could have multiple refractions recorded in their electronic chart for any given visit including autorefraction, cycloplegic refraction, and/or subjective refractions. The different refractions are not coded electronically in a way that can be differentiated upon en masse data extraction for a study. The last refractive measurement for any given visit was used for analysis for this study – this refraction is what was used for dispensing corrective glasses (when clinically indicated) and was typically the finalized refraction after subjective refinement. Data were collected for the right and left eyes separately with the right eye measurements being used for analysis. Myopia was defined in this study as refractive error ≤−1.0 D and high myopia was defined as refractive error ≤−6.0 D. This definition for myopia was used since lower levels of myopia are often left uncorrected and not deemed clinically significant by clinicians, and also because the frequent use of subjective refraction may overestimate the degree of myopia in children. Unless otherwise described, all variables examined in the study were those on the date of the refractive error measurement for which the patient was myopic or the latest refractive error ever measured in the study period. For the purposes of the cross-sectional study, this date was the index date.

University of Michigan Population Studies Center. Zip Code Characteristics: Mean and Median Household Income; 2017. Available from: http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/dis/census/Features/tract2zip/. Accessed November 6, 2017.